Kuzumanana kuyaambele kwamakwebo aamavalvu (1967-1978)
01 Kusumpuka kwamakwebo kulajatikizyigwa
Kuzwa mu 1967 kusikila mu 1978, akaambo kakucinca kupati kwabukkale, kuyaambele kwamakwebo aamavalvu akwalo kwakajatikizyigwa kapati. Zitondeezyo zipati nzizyeezyi:
1. Ivalvu kuzwa kwaceya kapati, alimwi bubotu bwaceya kapati
2. Ivalvu nzila zyakuvwuntauzya zyasayaansi zyakatalika kuchitwa zyakajatikizyigwa
3. Zintu zipangwa amavalvu aamuwo aakati-akati ziba zyachiindi chifwiifwi alimwi
4. Kupanga kwamavalvu aajisi nguzu kapati alimwi aakati-akati kakunyina makanze kwakatalika kulibonya
02 Kobweza ntaamu zyakuyungizya "muzila mufwiifwi"
Bubotu bwazintu zipangwa muvvalavumakwebo akaceya loko, mpawo nikwakabambwa zintu zyamavwili aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati aakati, cisi chakabikkila maanu kapati kuli ceeci. Bbazu lya Heavy and General Bureau lya First Ministry of Machinery lyakatalisya kabunga kamavalvu kuti kabe amukuli wakucinca nzila zyakupanga mavalvu. Musule akuvwuntauzya kwamukati, kabunga kababelesi bakabikka "Lipooti yaMizeezo yaKupanga Nzila Zyakupanga Mavwili Aanguzu Aakati-kati", eeyo yakapegwa ku State Planning Commission. Musule akuvwuntauzya, kwakasalwa kuti kubikwe mali aasika ku 52 miliyoni ya yuan mumulimo wakupanga ma valve kuti kube kusanduka kwabusongo kutegwa kumanizye penzi lyakubula nguzu zyaatala azyaakati aakatimavalvu akuseluka kwabubotu mbuli mbukonzeka.
1. Miswaangano yobile ya Kaifeng
Mumweezi wa 5 1972, Dipatimenti Yakusaanguna Yaminchina yakachita muswaangano wanyika yoonsevvalavumuswaangano wamilimu yamakwebo muDolopo lyaKaifeng, muchisi chaHenan. Mweelwe wamayuniti aali 125 abaiminizi bali 198 kuzwa kumafakitali aamavwili aali 88, maanda aakuvwuntauzya aasayaansi aali 8, maanda aali 13 aamincini alimwi abamwi babelesi bakajanika kumuswaangano ooyu. Muswaangano wakayeeya kuti mbunga zyobile zyamakkampani azyabusongo zipilusyigwe, mpawo bakasala Kaifeng High Pressure Valve Factory a Tieling Valve Factory kuti babe basololi ba high-pressure a low-pressure, mpawo Hefei General Machinery Research Institute antoomwe a Shenyang Valve Research Institute mbabakali kweendelezya mulimo wa intelligence network. Muswaangano wakabandika akwiiya twaambo tujatikizya "zintu zyotatwe zyamazubaano", kusumpula bubotu bwazintu, buvwuntauzi bwabusongo, kwaandaanya zintu, akusumpula makwebo amilimo yabusongo. Kuzwa aawo, milimu yamabbindawuko ayabusongo iyakachilwa kwamyaka iili musanu aimwi yakatalika alimwi. Eezyi nzila zyagwasya kapati mukusumpula kupanga mavalvu akusandula bukkale bwachiindi chifwiifwi.
2. Talika lubo milimu yambunga yamakkampani akwaabana makani
Nikwakainda muswaangano wa Kaifeng mu 1972, tubunga twamakwebo twakatalika kuchita milimu yabo alimwi. Aachiindi eecho, mafakitoli ali 72 luzutu ngaakatola lubazu mumbunga yamakwebo, mpawo mafakitoli manji aamavalvu tanaakatola lubazu mumbunga yamakwebo. Kuti kube kubamba mafakitoli manji aamavwili mbuli mbukonzeka, busena buli boonse bulabamba milimu yamakwebo kweendelana. Inkamu ya Shenyang yamavwili aajisi nguzu kapati, Inkamu yaku Beijing, Inkamu yaku Shanghai, Inkamu yaku Wuhan,Tianjin Valve Factory, Gansu High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory, antoomwe a Zigong High Pressure Valve Factory mbabalanganya kunyika lwaajwe, kunyika kwa China, kujwe lya China, aakati-akati kumusanza, kunyika lwaajwe, antoomwe a Southwest Regions. Muchiindi eechi, makwebo aamavalvu amilimo yabusongo zyakaliindene-indene alimwi zyakali kuzyala micelo, alimwi zyakali kuyandisyigwa kapati kumafakitali mumakwebo aaya. Akaambo kakusumpuka kwamilimo yamakkampani, kugwasyanya akwiiya antoomwe, tazisumpuli buyo kuyaambele kwabubotu bwazintu zipangwa, pele alimwi zilasumpula lukamantano abulongwe akati kamafakitoli aandeene-andeene, aboobo makwebo aamavwili akapanga cintu comwe, antoomwe, antoomwe, antoomwe, kuya kumbele, kutondezya cilengwa cibotu alimwi cikomena.
3. Chita "zintu zyotatwe zyamazubaano" zyamavalvu
Kweendelana amuuya wamiswaangano yobile ya Kaifeng amizeezo ya Heavy and General Bureau ya First Ministry of Machinery, General Machinery Research Institute alimwi yakabamba mulimo mupati wa "kubambulula zintu zyotatwe" kwiinda mukugwasyigwa amafakitoli aasiyene-siyene mumulimo ooyu. Mulimu wa "kubambulula zintu zyotatwe" mulimo uuyandika kapati, ooyo uuli nzila iigwasya kufwambaanya kusanduka kwabusongo bwamakwebo akusumpula zyintu zipangwa amavalvu. Kabunga kabelekela "zintu zyotatwe zyamazubaano" kabeleka kweendelanya a "zibotu zyone" (ziuba kubelesya, zitakatazyi kuyaka, zitakatazyi kubambulula akukozyanisya kabotu) antoomwe a "zintu zyone zyakuswaanganya" (chikozyano, zyeelelo zyakubeleka, kujatana abwaamba boonse, zibeela zizumizyidwe) njiisyo. Mulimo mupati wamulimu ulijisi mbazu zyotatwe, yomwe njakuubya-ubya misyobo iiswaangenyi; aimwi njakubamba akubambulula zyeelelo zyabusongo; chatatu nkusala akumanizya zintu.
4. Buvwuntauzi bwabusongo bwasumpula kuyaambele kwabuvwuntauzi bwasayaansi
(1) Kusumpuka kwa nkamu zyakuvwuntauzya zyasayaansi akuyaka masena aakusunkila Kumamanino aamwaka wa 1969, General Machinery Research Institute yakagwisigwa kuzwa ku Beijing kuya ku Hefei, mpawo chibelesyo chakusaanguna chakusunka kukazyigwa kwamaanzi chakanyonyoonwa, eecho chakanyonganya kapati buvwuntauzi bwasayaansi. Mu 1971, basikuvwuntauzya basayaansi bakajokela kunkamu eeyi umwi aumwi, mpawo laboratory yakuvwuntauzya ya valve yakatanta kusika kubantu bainda ku 30, mpawo yakapegwa mulimo a ministry kuti ibambe buvwuntauzi bwabusongo. Laboratory nguba-uba yakayakilwa, kwakabikkwa chintu chakusunka kukazyigwa kwamaanzi, mpawo minchina imwi yakusunka, kupaka azimwi zyakabambilwa akupangwa, mpawo buvwuntauzi bwakujala mavalvu akupaka bwakatalika.
(2) Zintu zipati zyakazwidilila Muswaangano wa Kaifeng wakachitilwa mu 1973 wakabamba bubambe bwakuvwuntauzya zyabusongo bwakupanga ma valve kuzwa mu 1973 kusikila mu 1975, mpawo wakapa mizeezo yakuvwuntauzya iiyandika kapati iili 39. Akati kazeezi, kuli zintu zili 8 zyakubelesya kupya, zintu zili kkumi amusanu azibili zyakujala, zintu zili musanu azimwi zyakupaka, chintu chomwe chakubelesya magesi, antoomwe azintu zili musanu ayimwi zyakusunka akusunka kubeleka. Musule, muHarbin Welding Research Institute, Wuhan Material Protection Research Institute, antoomwe aHefei General Machinery Research Institute, babelesi baalubazu bakasalwa kuti babambe akubamba kulanga-langa kwachiindi choonse, mpawo miswaangano yobile yakubeleka aatala azibeela zyantalisyo zyamavalvu aajisi nguzu zyaatala aakati-akati yakachitilwa kuti kuvwuntauzyigwe luzibo, kugwasyanya akucincanya, akubamba zibeela zyantalisyo zya 1976 - Basic mubuvwuntauzi bwakabambilwa 1980. Kwiinda mukusoleka kwabantu boonse, kuzwidilila kupati kwakachitwa mumulimo wakuvwuntauzya, walo wakasumpula buvwuntauzi bwasayaansi mumakwebo aamavwili. Izyazwa mulinjiyo ziliboobu:
1) Kojatilila aabusena bwakujala. Buvwuntauzi bwakujala busena bujisi makanze aakumanizya penzi lyakuvwundauka kwamukativvalavu. Aachiindi eecho, zibelesyo zyakujala zyakali 20Cr13 antoomwe a 12Cr18Ni9, eezyo zyakalijisi buyumuyumu busyoonto, zyakali kukazyigwa kusama, mapenzi mapati aakuzwa mukati muzintu zya valve, alimwi abuumi bufwaafwi bwakubeleka. Chikolo cha Shenyang Valve Research Institute, Harbin Welding Research Institute antoomwe a Harbin Boiler Factory bakapanga kabunga kabantu botatwe bavwuntauzya. Musule amyaka yobile yakubeleka changuzu, musyobo mupya wa chrome-manganese wakujala atala (20Cr12Mo8) wakapangwa. Zintu zili amulimu mubotu. Kukwabililwa kubotu, buumi bulamfwu bwakubeleka, alimwi kakunyina nickel alimwi a chromium nsyoonto, zibelesyo zilakonzya kubelesyegwa zyamuŋanda, nokwamana kulanga-langa kwabusongo, zilayandika kapati mukusumpula.
2) Kuzuzya buvwuntauzi. Mulimo wakuvwuntauzya kwakupakila nkumanizya penzi lyakuzwa kwamavwili. Aachiindi eecho, kuvwungaila kwavalvu kwakali buyo asbestos yakabikkidwe mafuta antoomwe a asbestos ya raba, mpawo kujala tiikwakali kabotu pe, eecho chakapa kuti mavalvu azwe kapati. Mu 1967, General Machinery Research Institute yakabamba kabunga kavwuntauzya kuvwundauka kwaanze kuti kavwuntauzye mumasena amwi aapanga makemikalu, maanda aakusanzya mafuta amaanda aapanga magesi, mpawo bakachita buvwuntauzi bwakulesya kubola kwamapaki amavalvu.
3) Kusunkwa kwakubeleka kwachintu antoomwe akuvwuntauzya kwakusaanguna. Notwakali kuchita buvwuntauzi bwabusongo,makwebo aamavalvualimwi wakachita changuzu kulingaula kweenda kwazintu antoomwe akuvwuntauzya kwakusaanguna, mpawo wakajana mpindu zyiingi.
5. Chita kusanduka kwabusongo bwamakwebo
Nikwakainda muswaangano wa Kaifeng mu 1973, makwebo woonse akachita kusanduka kwabusongo. Mapenzi mapati aakaliko mumakwebo aamavalvu aachiindi eecho: Chakusanguna, nzila yakalikuchitika musule, kusowa kwakali kuchitwa amaanza, kusowa kwacibeela comwe, mpawo minchina iibelesyegwa abantu boonse azibelesyo zibelesyegwa abantu boonse zyakali kubelesegwa kubeleka kakutontola. Nkakaambo kakuti misyobo azyeelelo zyafakitoli imwi aimwi zilaindulukwa loko, mpawo mweelwe mupati muchisi choonse, asi nikwakamana kwaabwa fakitoli imwi aimwi, mweelwe wakupanga uli muniini loko, mpawo eezi zipa kuti kutabi kubelesegwa kwanguzu zyakupanga. Mukwiingula mapenzi aali atala aawa, Heavy and General Bureau ya First Ministry of Machinery yakabikka ntaamu eezyi: kubamba mafakitali aaliwo aaliwo aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati-kati, kubamba bubambe buli kabotu, kwaandaanya babelesi munzila iili kabotu, akuyungizya kupanga zintu zinji; kubelesya nzila zyakupanga zintu zisumpukide, kubamba nzila zyakupanga zintu, akubelekela antoomwe mumafakitoli mapati alimwi amafakitali aatakwe mulimo. 4 nzila zyakupanga zintu zitakwe chintu zyabutale zyakatalisyigwa mubusena bwakubelekela, mpawo 10 nzila zyakupanga zibeela zyakutontola zyakatalisyigwa mumafakitoli aali cisambomwe mapati; mali aasika ku 52 miliyoni yama yuan akabikkwa mukusanduka kwabusongo.
(1) Kusanduka kwabusongo bwakubelesya mulilo Mukusanduka kwabusongo bwakubelesya mulilo, busongo buli mbuli gilazi lyamaanzi, musenga uuzwa mumaanzi, bulo bwamaanzi antoomwe akusofwaazya kabotu-kabotu zyakadumide. Kusofwaazya kabotu-kabotu kulakonzya kuchita kuti kube kubelesya minchina kakunyina chip naakuti kakunyina chip. Chili kabotu kugeede, kupaka gland amubili wa valve antoomwe a bonnet yama valve masyoonto, kakuli mpindu zyamali zilibonya. Mu 1969, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yakasaanguna kubelesya nzila yakupanga ma valve, ya PN16, DN50 gate valve body,
(2) Kusanduka kwabusongo bwakubeleka kakutontola Mukusanduka kwabusongo bwakubeleka kakutontola, minchina yaalubazu anzila zyakupanga zibelesyegwa mumakwebo aamavwili. Kuzwa mu 1964, Shanghai Valve No. 7 Factory yakabamba akupanga nzila yakupanga mavwili aajisi mubili wamulyango, ooyo ngomulongo wakusaanguna wakupanga mavwili aatakwe nguzu kapati mumulimo wakupanga mavwili. Kuzwa waawo, Shanghai Valve No. 5 Factory yakabamba akupanga nzila yakupanga DN50 ~ DN100 low-pressure globe valve body and bonnet mu 1966.
6. Kupanga changuzu misyobo mipya akusumpula mweelwe wamaseti aazwide
Kuti tuzuzikizye ziyandikana zyazibelesyo zipati zilimbuli mafuta, makwebo aamakemikalu, manguzu aamagesi, makwebo aabutale amafuta, makwebo aamavwili alikuchita zintu zipya muchiindi chomwe chakusanduka kwatekkinoloji, eecho chakapa kuti zibelesyo zyeendelane kabotu.
03 Mubufwaafwi
Kulanga musule mu 1967-1978, kuyaambele kwavvalavu makwebo akali kujatikizyigwa loko. Akaambo kakuyaambele kwakufwambaana kwamafuta, makemikalu, manguzu aamagesi, makkampani aapanga zintu zyabutale amalasha, mavwili aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati-akati zyakaba "zintu zyachiindi chifwiifwi". Mu 1972, mbunga yamakwebo aamavalvu yakatalika alimwi akuchita milimu. Nikwakainda miswaangano yobile ya Kaifeng, bakachita "zintu zyotatwe zyakusumpula" amulimu wakuvwuntauzya zyabusongo, akutalisya lwizi lwakucinca kwabusongo mumakwebo woonse. Mu 1975, makwebo aamavwili akatalika kubambulula, mpawo makwebo aaya akasanduka kuba kabotu.
Mu 1973, Kkomishini Yakubamba Mabambe yaNyika yakazumizya nzila zyakuyungizya kupanga zintu zijisi nguzu kapati azyaakati-akatimavalvu. Musule aakubikka mali, makwebo aamavwili akachita kusanduka. Kwiinda mukusanduka akusumpula nzila zyakupanga zintu, zimwi nzila zyakupanga zintu zisumpukide zyakazuminwa, aboobo nzila yakubelesya zintu zyakutontola mumakwebo woonse yasumpuka kusikila ambali, mpawo nzila yakubelesya minchina yakubelesya mulilo yakasumpulwa kusikila ambali. Musule akusumpulwa kwanzila yakusanganya plasma spray, bubotu bwamavalvu aajisi nguzu zyaatala abwaakati-kati bwakasumpuka loko, mpawo penzi lya "kuvwundauka komwe kakuli zyobile" alyalo lyakasumpuka. Nikwakamana akubeleka kwamapulojekiti aali makumi otatwe aabili, makkampani aaku China ajisi ntalisyo njumu alimwi akukonzya kupanga zintu zinji. Kuzwa mu 1970, kuzwa kwamavwili aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati-akati kwazumanana kukomena. Kuzwa mu 1972 kusika mu 1975, zyazwa zyakatanta kuzwa ku 21,284t kusika ku 38,500t, akuyungizya kwa 17,216t mumyaka yone, kweendelana azyakazwa amwaka mu 1970. Zyakazwa amwaka zya low-pressure valve zyakali kukkalilila kusika ku 70,0000000000,000 tons. Muchiindi eechi,vvalavu makwebo akapanga zintu zipya, teensi buyo misyobo yamavalvu aabelesyegwa abantu boonse yakasumpulwa, pesi amavalvu aalibedelede aakubelesya mumasena aapanga magesi, mapaipi, muya mupati, kupya kusyoonto alimwi amakwebo aa nyukiliya, ndeke alimwi amavalvu aambi aabelesyegwa munzila iilibedelede azyalo zyakabambwa kapati. Kuti myaaka ya 1960 yakali chiindi chakusumpuka kupati kwamavalvu aabelesyegwa abantu boonse, mpawo myaaka ya 1970 yakali chiindi chakusumpuka kupati kwamavalvu aabelesyegwa abantu boonse. Nguzu zyakugwasyilizya zyamukatimavalvu chasumpulwa loko, eecho chikonzya kuzuzikizya ziyandikana zyakusumpula zibeela zisiyene-siyene zyabuvubi bwacisi.
Chiindi chakutumizya: Aug-04-2022
