Chiindi chakusanguna chakupanga mavalvu (1949-1959)
01Kubamba kuti kube kubukulusya lubono lwachisi
Chiindi kuzwa mu 1949 kusika mu 1952 chakali chiindi chakubuka kwabuvubi bwanyika yangu. Akaambo kakuyandika kwakuyaka lubono, cisi chiyanda mweelwe mupati wamavalvu, kutali buyomavalvu aamuwo uuniini, pesi alubo amwi mavwili aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati aakati aatakapangwa achiindi eecho. Mbuti mbokukonzya kubamba kupanga mavalvu kuti kuzuzikizye ziyandikana muchisi nchintu chiyumu loko.
1. Kusololela akugwasyilizya kupanga
Kweendelana amulawu wa "kusumpula buvwubi, kuzwidilila mubuvubi, akubikkila maanu kuzyoonse zyabantu boonse azyabantu balikke, akugwasya boonse bobile babelesi amali", mfwulumende yabantu ilatambula nzila yakubamba akuula, mpawo ilagwasyilizya loko makwebo aabantu balikke aakati-akati amasyoonto kuti ajalule alimwi akupanga mavalvu. Buzuba bwakusaanguna bwakutalisyigwa kwa People's Republic of China, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakamanizya kujala makwebo aayo akaambo kazikwelete zinji alimwi akubula muulo wazintu nzyobakali kupanga, kwakasyaala buyo babelesi bali 7 kuti balindile fakitali, alimwi bakasambala mincini iili 14 kutegwa bazumanane kubelesya mali. Musule akutalikwa kwa New China, alugwasyo lwamfulumende yabantu, fakitali yakatalisya kupanga alimwi, mpawo mweelwe wababelesi mumunyaka ooyo wakatanta kuzwa ku 7 kusika ku 96 aawo niyakatalika. Kuzwa waawo, fakitoli yakazumina kubamba zintu kuzwa ku Shenyang Hardware Machinery Company, mpawo kupanga kwakaba abukkale bupya. Mweelwe wababelesi wakatanta kusika ku 329, amwaka wakazwa maseti aali 610 aamavalvu aasiyene, amali aazwa aali 830,000 yuan. Muchiindi chomwe muShanghai, teensi buyo makkampani aalikke aakali kupanga mavalvu akajulwa, pesi akubukuluka kwabuvubi bwacisi, mweelwe mupati wamakwebo masyoonto aatakwe mfulumende akajalula naa kuchincha kuya kukupanga mavalvu, eecho chakapa kuti mbunga ya Construction Hardware Association achiindi eecho ikomene.
2. Kuula akusambala antoomwe, kubamba kupanga mavalvu
Kakuli mweelwe mupati wamakwebo aatakwe mfulumende asanduka kuba kupanga mavalvu, Kabunga kakusaanguna ka Shanghai Construction Hardware Association kakakachilwa kuzuzikizya ziyandikana zyakusumpula. Mu 1951, basikupanga mavalvu baku Shanghai bakatalisya makwebo aali 6 kuti bachite milimu yakubamba akuula zintu ku Shanghai Purchasing Supply Station ya China Hardware Machinery Company, akuchita kuula akusambala antoomwe. Mbuli chitondeezyo, Daxin Iron Works, eeyo iichita mulimu wakupanga mavalvu mapati aatakwe nguzu, antoomwe a Yuanda, Zhongxin, Jinlong antoomwe a Lianggong Machinery Factory, eeyo ichita mulimu wakupanga mavalvu aajisi nguzu zyiingi, zyoonse zigwasyilizyigwa a Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Utilities, the Ministry of East of China Instry and the Central Fuel Instry. Mubusolozi bwa Petroleum Administration bwa Ministry of Industry, maoda aaluleme alabikkwa, mpawo asanduka kuya kukubamba maoda. Fulumende yabantu yakagwasya makwebo aabantu kuti bazunde buyumuyumu bwakupanga akusambala kwiinda mukubelesya nzila yakuula akusambala antoomwe, kumatalikilo yakachincha buvwubi bwamakkampani aatakwe mpuwo, mpawo yakasumpula luyandisisyo lwakupanga zintu lwabasimakwebo ababelesi, aabo bali musule kapati mumakani aabusongo, zibelesyo abukkale bwamafakitoli. makwebo aalimbuli maanda aapanga magesi, maanda aabutale amaanda aakulida mafuta kuti atalike kupanga alimwi.
3. Kusumpuka kwakubukulusya milimo yakuyaka yabuvubi bwacisi
Mumuzeezo wakusaanguna wamyaka yosanwe, cisi chakasala 156 yamapulojekiti mapati aakuyaka, oomo kubukulusya Yumen Oil Field antoomwe a Anshan Iron and Steel Company's production milimo yobile mipati. Kuti kutalika kupanga mafuta mu Yumen Oilfield chakufwambaana, mbunga iilanganya mafuta ya Ministry of Fuel Industry yakabamba kupanga zibeela zya minchina yamafuta mu Shanghai. Shanghai Jinlong Hardware Factory abamwi bakabweza mulimu wakusola kupanga mavalvu aabutale aanguzu zyaakati aakati. Zilakonzyeka kweezyeezya buyumuyumu bwakupanga mavalvu aanguzu zyaakati aakati mumafakitoli masyoonto. Misyobo imwi ilakonzya buyo kweezyanisyigwa kweendelanya amasampu aapegwa ababelesi, mpawo zintu zini zini zilalingulwa akubikkwa mumaapu. Mbwaanga bubotu bwazibulo zyabutale tiizyakali kabotu pe, mubili wavalvu wabutale wakusaanguna wakeelede kuchinchululwa kuba wakupanga. Aachiindi eecho, kwakanyina nzila yakubboola yakubelesya kupanga mpako ya globe valve, aboobo yakali kukonzya buyo kuboola amaanza, mpawo yalulamikwa amuntu uubamba. Nitwakamana kuzunda buyumuyumu bunji, twakazwidilila mukusola kupanga NPS3/8 ~ NPS2 mavalvu aamulyango wabutale aamavwili aamunyika, alo aakatambulwa kabotu ababelesi. Mucheelo cabili cha 1952, Shanghai Yuanta, Zhongxin, Weiye, Lianggong amafakitoli aambi bakatalisya mulimu wakusola akupanga mavalvu aabutale bwamafuta. Aachiindi eecho, nzila zya Soviet zyakali kubelesegwa, mpawo basyaazibwene bakaiya kwiinda mukuchita, mpawo bakazunda buyumuyumu bunji mukupanga zintu. Kusola kupanga mavalvu aabutale bwaku Shanghai kwakabambilwa a Ministry of Petroleum, mpawo kwakajana lugwasyo kuzwa kumafakitoli aasiyene-siyene mu Shanghai. Inkamu yakuEzhiya (lino yiitwa kuti Shanghai Machine Repair Factory) yakapa zintu zyabutale zyakali kuzuzikizya ziyandika, mpawo Sifang Boiler Factory yakagwasilizya mukupwayaula. Musunko wakazwidilila mukusola kupanga chikozyano chakapangwa abutale, mpawo mpawo wakabamba kupanga kunji mpawo wakatumina ku Yumen Oilfield kuti akabelesyegwe muchiindi cheelede. Aawo awo, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Works antoomwe a Shanghai Daxin Iron Works abalo bakapamavalvu aamuwo muniiniamasaizi mapati aazina lyamaanda aapanga magesi, Inkamu ya Anshan Iron and Steel kuti italike alimwi kupanga akuyaka mumadolopo.
Muchiindi chakubuka kwabuvubi bwacisi, makwebo aamavwili muchisi changu akakomena loko. Mu 1949, mavwili aakali kuzwa akali buyo 387t, alo akatanta kusika ku 1015t mu 1952. Munzila yakuchita, wakakonzya kupanga mavwili aabutale aamavwili mapati aatakwe nguzu, alo aatakwe buyo mavwili aakozyenye aakubukulusya buvubi bwacisi, pele alimwi akabikka ntalisyo mbotu yakusumpula makwebo aamavwili muChina.
02Imakwebo aamavalvu akatalika
Mu 1953, nyika yangu yakatalika bubambe bwayo bwakusaanguna bwamyaka yosanwe, mpawo zibeela zyamakwebo zilimbuli mafuta, makwebo aamakemikalu, zintu zyabutale, magesi amalasha zyoonse zyakafwambaanya kuyaambele. Aachiindi eechi, kuyandika kwamavalvu kwavwula. Aachiindi eecho, nikuba kuti kwakali mweelwe mupati wamafakitoli masyoonto aabantu balikke aakali kupanga mavalvu, nguzu zyabo zyakupanga zintu tiizyakali anguzu pe, zibelesyo zyabo zyakali zyakaindi, mafakitoli aabo akali maubauba, zipimyo zyabo zyakali ziniini loko, alimwi zyakali kumwaikide. Kuti tuzuzikizye ziyandikana zyakufwambaana kuyaambele kwabuvubi bwanyika, Mutabi Wakusaanguna waMishini (wiitwa kuti Mutabi Wakusaanguna waMishini) ulazumanana kubamba akusandula makwebo aakusaanguna aabantu balikke akuyungizya kupanga mavalvu. Aawo awo, kuli makanze antaamu zyakuyaka musana amavalvu aakkii. Makwebo, makwebo aamavwili muchisi changu akatalika kutalika.
1. Kubamba bupya bwamakwebo aamavalvu aabili muShanghai
Musule akutalisyigwa kwa New China, Kabunga kakabikka mulawu wa "kubelesya, kukasya akusandula" mumakwebo amakwebo.
Kwakajanika kuti kwakali mafakitoli masyoonto aali 60 naa 70 muShanghai. Mafakitoli mapati aakati aaka akalijisi buyo bantu bali 20 kusikila ku 30, mpawo masyoonto akalijisi buyo bantu bache. Nikuba kuti mafakitoli aaya apanga mavalvu, busongo bwawo akweendelezya zili musule, zibelesyo amaanda aamafakitoli nziubauba, anzila zyakupanga nziubauba. Bamwi bajisi buyo chintu chomwe naa zyobile zitakatazyi pe, mpawo kuli buyo zimwi zitofu zyakusowela, bunji bwazyo zibelesyegwa amaanza. , kakunyina nguzu zyakupanga azibelesyo zyakusunka. Eeyi bukkale tabuli kabotu pe mukupanga zintu zyamazubaano, mpawo tabukonzyi kuzuzikizya ziyandikana zyakupanga zyakabambilwa muchisi, mpawo tazikonzeki pe kweendelezya bubotu bwazintu zyakupanga. Kusikila kumamanino, Mfulumende yaMunzi waShanghai yakapanga chizuminano abasikupanga mavalvu muShanghai, mpawo yakatalisya Shanghai Pipeline Switches No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5, No. 6 azimwi makwebo aakati. Kusanganya zyoonse zili atala aawa, bweendelezi buli akati-akati mumakani aatekkinoloji abubotu, oobo bupa kuti kube kukamantana kweendelezya kwamwaikide alimwi kutakwe ntenda, aboobo akukulwaizya busungu bwababelesi banji kuyaka bweendelezi bwacisi, ooku nkubambulula kutaanzi kupati kwamakwebo aamavwili.
Musule akubelekela antoomwe kwabantu boonse abasimakwebo mu 1956, makwebo aamavwili muShanghai akachinchwa kwabili akubambululwa kwamakwebo munzila mpati, mpawo makkampani aabusongo mbuli Shanghai Construction Hardware Company, Petroleum Machinery Parts Manufacturing Company antoomwe a General Machinery Company akatalisyigwa. Inkampani yamavwili yakatalisyigwa amakwebo aazibelesyo zyakuyasya yakatalisya Yuanda, Rongfa, Zhongxin, Weiye, Jinlong, Zhao Yongda, Tongxin, Fuchang, Wang Yingqi, Yunchang, Dehe, Jinfa, antoomwe a Xie kweendelana abusena. Kuli mafakitoli aali makumi abili aali akati-akati mu Dalian, Yuchang, Deda, azimwi. Fakitoli imwi aimwi ilijisi mafakitoli manji aali munsi lyabweendelezi bwayo. Mutabi wakabunga antoomwe akabunga kababelesi bakatalisyigwa mubusena buli akati. Imfwulumende yakabikka baiminizi babantu boonse kuti beendelezye mulimu wabweendelezi, mpawo yakatalisya mbunga zyakupanga, zyakusambala, azyamali, mpawo asyoonto-asyoonto yakatalisya nzila zyakweendelezya zili mbuli zyamakkampani aamfwulumende. Aawo awo, busena bwa Shenyang bwakaswaanganya mafakitali masyoonto aali makumi abili abumwi kuba ChengfaValve yamulyangoBusena bwamabbindawuko. Kuzwa aawo, cisi chakaleta kupanga kwamakwebo masyoonto aakati-akati munzila yakubamba mabambe aacisi kwiinda mumbunga zyeendelezya mumasena oonse, mpawo chakabamba akubamba kupanga mavalvu. Ooku nkusanduka mubweendelezi bwakupanga makkampani aamavwili kuzwa muchiindi cha New China niyakatalika.
2. Inkamu ya Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakasanduka kuya kukupanga mavalvu
Aawo aawo nikwakabambwa bupya basikupanga mavalvu muShanghai, Dipatimenti Yakusaanguna Yaminchina yakaandaanya kupanga zintu zyafakitoli imwi aimwi iiswaangene, mpawo yakasalazya nzila zyakupanga zintu zyamafakitoli aajatikizyidwe aamafakitoli mapati aamfwulumende. Inkamu ya Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakasandulwa kuba inkamu yakupanga mavwili. makwebo. Ooyo wakasaanguna kufakitoli wakali ofesi lyamakwebo lyamunyika yoonse antoomwe afakitoli ya Dechang yaku Japani. Musule akutalisyigwa kwa New China, fakitali yakapanga minchina yiindene-indene antoomwe amapaipi. Mu 1953, yakatalika kupanga minchina yakupanga zisamu. Mu 1954, aawo niyakali kweendelezyegwa a First Bureau of Machinery Ministry, yakajisi babelesi bali 1,585 antoomwe amaseti aali 147 aamishini azibelesyo. Alimwi ilijisi nguzu zyakupanga nsimbi, mpawo nguzu zyakupanga zili anguzu. Kuzwa mu 1955, kuchitila kuti chikonzye kweendelana abubambe bwanyika, chakasanduka kuya kukupanga mavalvu, chakayaka busena bwakusaanguna bwakupanga zintu zyabutale, kubunganya, zibelesyo, kubambulula minchina antoomwe abusena bwakupanga nsimbi, chakayaka busena bupya bwakubelekela, mpawo chakatalisya laboratory mpati antoomwe abusena bwakupima. Bamwi basyaazibwene bakagwisigwa kuzwa ku Shenyang Pump Factory. Mu 1956, 837t yamavalvu aamuwo uuniinizyakabambwa, mpawo kupanga kwamavalvu aajisi nguzu zyaatala aakati-akati kwakatalika. Mu 1959, 4213t yamavwili akapangwa, kubikkilizya a 1291t yamavwili aajisi nguzu zyaatala azyaakati-kati. Mu 1962, yakacincwa zina lyakuti Shenyang High and Medium Pressure Valve Factory mpawo yakaba imwi yamakwebo mapati mumakwebo aama valve.
3. Mamanino aakusaanguna aakupanga mavalvu
Kumatalikilo aakutalisyigwa kwa New China, kupanga mavalvu mucisi cangu kwakali kumanizyigwa kwiinda mukubelekela antoomwe akulwana. Muchiindi cha "Kutanta Kupati", makwebo aamavwili muchisi changu akasika kumamanino aakupanga. Kuzwa kwa valve: 387t mu 1949, 8126t mu 1956, 49746t mu 1959, 128.5 ziindi zya 1949, antoomwe a 6.1 ziindi zya 1956 aawo mbunga yabantu boonse ababelesi niyakatalisyigwa. Kupanga mavwili aanguzu zyaatala aakati-kati kwakatalika musule, mpawo kupanga kunji kwakatalika mu 1956, amwaka kwakali kuzwa 175t. Mu 1959, zyintu zyakazwa zyakasika ku 1799t, eezyo zyakali ziindi zili 10.3 kwiinda zya 1956. Kusumpuka kwabuvubi bwacisi kwasumpula kuyaambele kupati kwamakwebo aamavwili. Mu 1955, Shanghai Lianggong Valve Factory yakazwidilila mukusola kupanga musamu wa Kkilisimasi waku Yumen Oilfield; Shanghai Yuanda, Zhongxin, Weiye, Rongfa azimwi mafakitali aamishini bakasola kupanga nsimbi zipangidwe, nsimbi zipangidwe aamavwili aajisi nguzu zyaakati-akati alimwi azyaatala kapati alimwi amavwili aajisi nguzu kapati zyakubelesya mumyuunda yamafuta alimwi amafakitoli aakubelesya manyolo Mavwili aakubelesya manyolo aajisi nguzu kapati zya PN160 alimwi a PN320; Inkamu ya Shenyang General Machinery Factory antoomwe a Suzhou Iron Factory (yakasaanguna ku Suzhou Valve Factory) bakazwidilila mukusola kupanga ma valve aajisi nguzu kapati zyakubelesya ku Jilin Chemical Industry Corporation's fertilizer factory; Inkamu yaku Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory yakazwidilila mukusola kupanga vvalavu yamagesi iijisi bupati bwa DN3000. Lyakali vvalavu pati alimwi lilema kwiinda zyoonse muChina aachiindi eecho; Inkamu ya Shenyang General Machinery Factory yakazwidilila mukusola kupanga mavalvu aajisi nguzu kapati zya DN3 ~ DN10 alimwi anguzu zya PN1500 ~ PN2000 zyakubelesya zibelesyo zyakusunka zyaakati-kati zya polyethylene zijisi nguzu kapati; Shanghai Daxin Iron Factory yakapangila makwebo aabutale Ivalvu yamuya uupya kapati iijisi bupati bwa DN600 alimwi a valve ya DN900; Inkamu ya Dalian Valve, Wafangdian Valve Factory, azimwi azyalo zyakazwidilila loko. Kuyungizya kwamisyobo amweelwe wamavalvu kwasumpula kuyaambele kwamakwebo aamavalvu. Ikapati akaambo kakuyandika kuyaka kwa “Kutanta Kupati” kwamakwebo, mafakitoli masyoonto alimwi aali akati-kati aamavwili akabuka mucisi coonse. Kuzosika mu 1958, makkampani aapanga mavalvu aamunyika akalijisi aafwaafwi mwaanda, akupanga kabunga kapati kakupanga mavalvu. Mu 1958, mweelwe woonse wamavalvu wakatanta kusika ku 24,163t, ikuyungizya kwa 80% kwiinda 1957; Muchiindi eechi, kupanga mavalvu muchisi changu kwakasika kumamanino. Nokuba boobo, akaambo kakutalisyigwa kwabasikupanga mavalvu, kwakaleta mapenzi manji. Mbuli chitondeezyo: kuyandaula buyo mweelwe, kutali bubotu; "kuchita tuniini akuchita chipati, nzila zyakubusena ooko", kubula bukkale bwatekkinoloji; kubamba kumwi kochita, kubula mizeezo iizumizyidwe; kkopa akukkopa, kupa kuti kube kunyongana kwabusongo. Akaambo kamilawu yabo yiindene, umwi awumwi ulaa nzila zyaandeene. Ibbala lyamavalvu talikozyenye mumasena aasiyene, mpawo muya uutegwa nominal pressure abupati bwa nominal tazyeendelani pe. Amwi mafakitoli aamba zyeelelo zya Soviet, amwi aamba zyeelelo zyaku Japan, mpawo amwi aamba zyeelelo zyaku Amelika a Britain. Kunyongana loko. Kweelana amisyobo, zyeelelo, bupati bwakuswaanganya, bulamfwu bwabupange, bukkale bwakusunka, zyeelelo zyakusunka, zitondezyo zyakupenta, zyakumubili azyamakemikalu, akupima, azimwi. Makkampani miingi abelesya nzila yakukozyanisya yomwe ya "kukozyanisya mweelwe wazyuuno", bubotu tabusinizyidwe pe, mpindu tiisumpukide pe, alimwi mpindu zyabuvubi tazisumpuki pe. Bukkale achiindi eecho bwakali "bwamwaikide, bwamanyongwe, busyoonto, alimwi buli ansi", nkokuti, mafakitoli aamavwili akali koonse koonse, nzila zyakweendelezya zyakali manyongwe, kubula zyeelelo zyabusongo zikozyenye, alimwi abubotu bwazintu zyakabambwa. Mukusandula bukkale oobu, cisi chakayeeya kuti chibambe babelesi beelede kuti bachite buvwuntauzi bwakupanga zintu munyika yoonsevvalavumabbindawuko.
4. Buvwuntauzi bwakusaanguna bwakupanga mavalvu
Kuti tuzyibe bukkale bwakupanga mavalvu, mu 1958, mbunga yakusaanguna ayatatu ya First Machinery Department yakabamba buvwuntauzi bwakupanga mavalvu munyika yoonse. Kabunga kavwuntauzya kakayinka kuzisi zyone amadolopo aali makumi abili aane kuNortheast China, North China, East China antoomwe a Central South China kuti bakachite kuvwuntauzya kuzulide kumafakitoli aali 90 aamavalvu. Ooku nkuvwuntauzya kwakusaanguna kuchisi choonse kuzwa nikwakatalisyigwa cisi ca People's Republic of China. Aachiindi eecho, buvwuntauzi bwakabikkila maanu kuli basikupanga mavwili bapati amisyobo myiingi, mbuli Shenyang General Machinery Factory, Shenyang Chengfa Iron Factory, Suzhou Iron Factory, antoomwe a Dalian Valve. Fakitoli, Beijing Hardware Material Factory (yakasaanguna ku Beijing Valve Factory), Wafangdian Valve Factory, Chongqing Valve Factory, basikupanga ma valve banji mu Shanghai a Shanghai Pipeline Switch 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 a 6 factories, azimwi.
Kwiinda mukuvwuntauzya, mapenzi mapati aaliwo mukupanga mavalvu akajanwa:
1) Kubula bubambe boonse akwaandaanya milimu munzila iili kabotu, eezi zipa kuti kube kupanga zintu ziindi zyiingi akunyonganya nguzu zyakupanga zintu.
2) Zyeelelo zyakupanga mavalvu tazili antoomwe pe, eezyo zyakapa kuti kube mapenzi mapati kuli sikubelesya kusala akubamba.
3) Ntalisyo yakupima akulanga-langa njiitali kabotu pe, mpawo nkuyumu kusinizya bubotu bwazintu zya valve akupanga zintu zyiingi.
Mukwiingula mapenzi aali atala aawa, kabunga kabasikuvwuntauzya kakabikka ntaamu zyotatwe kumaminisita aamabbooma, kubikkilizya akusimya bubambe boonse, kwaandaanya milimu munzila iili kabotu, akubamba kweendelana kwakupanga akusambala; kusimya zyeelelo amulimu wakulanga-langa zintu zilibonya azyamakemikalu, kubamba zyeelelo zyeelene; akuchita buvwuntauzi bwakusola. 1. Basololi ba 3rd Bureau bakabikkila maanu kapati kuli ceeci. Chakusanguna, bakabikkila maanu kumulimu wakubamba zyeelelo. Bakasyomezya mbunga ya Machinery Manufacturing Technology Research Institute ya First Ministry of Machinery kuti ibambe basikupanga mavalvu kuti bapange zyeelelo zyakubelesya mapaipi zyakapegwa a ministry, eezyo zyakabikkwa mumulimo ooyu mu 1961. Kutegwa basololele nzila zyakupanga ma valve mufakitoli imwi aimwi, mbunga eeyi yakabamba akubamba "Manual Manual Design". Izyeelelo zyakubelesya mapaipi zyakapegwa ababelesi nzizyo zyakusaanguna zyazyeelelo zyamavwili muchisi changu, mpawo "Bbuku lyakubamba mavwili" ndibbuku lyakusaanguna lyakupanga mavwili lyakabungikwa andiswe, eelyo lyakagwasya kapati mukusumpula nzila zyakupanga mavwili muchisi changu. Kwiinda mubuvwuntauzi oobu bwanyika yoonse, ntalisyo yakusumpuka kwamakwebo aamavwili muchisi changu muminyaka iilikumi yainda yakajanwa, mpawo nzila zigwasya zibelesegwa kuchitila kuti kugwisye kuchita zintu zitali kabotu zyakupanga mavwili akubula zyeelelo. Busongo bwakupanga zintu bwakabweza ntaamu mpati kuya kunembo mpawo bwakatalika kunjila muchiimo chipya chakulibambila akubamba zintu zinji.
03 Mubufwaafwi
Kuzwa mu 1949 kusikila mu 1959, cisi canguvvalavumakwebo akafwambaana kuzwa mumapenzi aakaindi aaChina mpawo akatalika kutalika; kuzwa kukubambulula, kukozyanisya kusikila kukulipangiladkubamba akupanga, kuzwa kukupanga mavalvu aajisi nguzu zisyoonto kusikila kukupanga mavalvu aajisi nguzu kapati alimwi aakati-kati, kumatalikilo kwakatalisya makwebo aakupanga mavalvu. Nokuba boobo, akaambo kakuyaambele kwakufwambaana kwakupanga zintu, kuli mapenzi amwi. Kuzwa nikwakabikkilizyigwa mububambe bwacisi, kweendelezyegwa a First Ministry of Machinery, kaambo kapenzi kakajanwa kwiinda mukuvwuntauzya akuvwuntauzya, alimwi nzila zigwasya alimwi zigwasya zyakatobelwa kutegwa kupanga mavwili kweendelane anzila zyakuyaka zyabuvwubi bwacisi, alimwi akusumpula makwebo aamavwili. Alimwi kupangwa kwambunga zyamakwebo kwabikka ntalisyo mbotu.
Chiindi chakutumizya: Jul-27-2022
